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Author Rassam, Hormuzd, 1826-1910.
Title Asshur and the land of Nimrod; 

being an account of the discoveries made in the ancient ruins 

of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah [etc.] 

With an introduction by Robert W. Rogers.
Imprint New York, Eston & Mains, 1897.

Descript 432 pages


AN ACCOUNT OF THE DISCOVERIES MADE IN

THE ANCIENT RUINS OF NINEVEH, ASSHUR, SEPHARVAIM, CALAH,
BABYLON, BORSIPPA, CUTHAH, AND VAN,

INCLUDING

A NARRATIVE OF DIFFERENT JOURNEYS IN MESOPOTAMIA,
ASSYRIA, ASIA MINOR, AND I{OORDISTAN

BY

HORMUZD RASSAM,
AUTHOR OF THE “NARRATIVE OF THE BRITISH MISSION TO ThEODORE, KING OF

ABYSSINIA ;“ “BIBLICAL NATIONALITIES, PAST AND PRESENT ;“

THE GARDEN OF EDEN AND BIBLICAL

SAGES,” ETC.


WiTH AN INTRODUCTION BY

ROBERT W. ROGERS, PH. D., D. D.,
PROFESSOR IN DREW THEOLOGICAL SI~MINARY


PREFACE.

IN submitting to my readers the following account of my
travels in Biblical lands, and of my Assyrian and Babylonian
discoveries, I do so ‘with diffidence, feeling that it is an un-
worthy sequel to the fascinating and interesting narratives of
my late lamented friend, Sir Austen Henry Layard, which are
of wide-world reputation. I am emboldened, however, by the
fact that it was his fond desire that I should lay before the
world the record of my humble contribution to that branch of
learning in connection with ancient history, both sacred and
profane.
With the exception of a few lectures I delivered before dif-
ferent societies, and a slight mention made of them by Sir Henry
in his abridged work, entitled “Nineveh and Babylon,” pub-
lished in 1867 by Mr. John Murray, no full account has yet
appeared of my different discoveries, though the illustrated Lon-
don N~ws produced, in May, 1856, a few specimens of the bas-
reliefs found by me in Assur-bani-pal’s palace, with a generous
tribute to my success. Beyond these notices, no record has ap-
peared anywhere of the share I have had in Assyrian and Baby-
lonian discoveries; the consequence was, that not many years
afterwards some of my acquisitions were attributed to others,
and, actually, the Assyrian legends of the Creation and Deluge
tablets, which I found in Nineveh, in Assur-bani-pal’s palace,
in 1853, were credited to Mr. George Smith’s exploration, which
he undertook for the proprietors of the Daily Telegraph twenty
years afterwards, because, forsooth, he was the first Assyrian
scholar who had deciphered them! Even in the present ninth
edition of the Encyelop~dia Britannica, in which historical rec-
ords ought to be strictly correct, the following appears in a note
in Vol. XVII, page 512, referring to Assur-bani-pal’s palace:
“In this palace is the famous library-chamber from which


Layard and George Smith brought the tablets now in the
British Museum.” Whereas, when I discovered them, the for-
PREFACE.

mer had ceased his connection with the Assyrian excavations,
and the latter could not have been more than nine or ten years
of age! Then in Rawlinson’s “Herodotus,” Vol. I, under the
notice of the palace of Assur-bani-pal II, the author makes the
following remark in a note on page 389, about the bas-reliefs
containing the lion-hunt series, which I discovered: “These
slabs, which were recovered by Colonel Rawlinson, are now in
the British Museum. The animals of chase include lions, wild
horses, wild asses, stags, and antelopes ;“ the truth being, that
Colonel Rawlinson only selected what he thought were necessary
at that time to send to England; but had nothing to do with
their recovery or discovery, which he publicly acknowledged in
the press soon afterwards.
It may be considered extraordinary that I allowed such a
long time to elapse before I placed before the public the results
of my discoveries, seeing that they were made partly as far
back as 1853; but when the different unavoidable circumstances
which intervened are explained, it will be seen that it was be-
yond my power to have my book brought out sooner.
In the first place, after I discovered Assur-bani-.pal’s palace
at Koyunjik, and the temple of Nebo at Nimroud, with other
A~syrian remains, I had to return to England in June, 1854,
when my engagement to the Trustees of the British Museum
terminated. Soon after my arrival in London a political post
was offered me at Aden, by Sir James Outram, who had just
been appointed the• Resident at that settlement before his serv-
ices were required at Oude. He had made my acquaintance two
years before in London, and knew of my attainments, especially
in dealing with the Arabian tribes, and he thought I would be
of great help to him in that part of Arabia Felix where political
relations between the Aden authorities and the different Arab
tribes in the interior were somewhat strained. My services
were applied for to the directors of the East India Company,
who sanctioned my appointment, and as my presence was ur-
gently required by Sir James, I lost no time in getting ready,
and I proceeded to Aden to take up the duties assigned to me.
As I bad no artist with me when I discovered Assur-bani-
pal’s palace, I was obliged to quit the scenes of my labors with-
PREFACE. Vii

out obtaining any drawings of the bas-reliefs; and when Mr.
Boutcher, the indefatigable artist of Mr. Kennet Loftus, the
gentleman who succeeded me, was able to draw the different
sculptures I had discovered, I was far away in Arabia Felix,
busily engaged in my different avocations at Aden.
On my return to England after an absence of nearly fifteen
years, I did not think that, at that distance of time, an account
of my former discoveries would prove interesting to general
readers, inasmuch as I found that most of my discoveries were
lost or given away.
In 1877, however, I was asked again by the Trustees of the
British Museum to undertake another expedition to Nineveh,
after the demise of Mr. George Smith, during his unfortunate
third expedition to Mesopotamia. I had then been married,
and had retired from Her Majesty’s Indian service, and in-
tended to spend my time quietly in England; but my interest
in Assyrian archa~o1ogy was still as great as when I was young,
and consequently I accepted the proffered commission willingly.
As the funds then available for the expedition were inadequate
for prosecuting extensive operations, I offered to go out without
a stipend, provided I should be allowed to carry on my excava-
tions in the way I deemed best.


It will be seen from the contents of my book that I was not
unsuccessful in my researches, and the extension afterwards of
my arch~eological labors southward in Babylonia, and northward
in Armenia, proved productive of good results, which added
greatly to our knowlege of those great nations of ancient renown.
After no less than four expeditions to Mesopotamia, my work
was brought suddenly to an end, as the Porte, through political
pique, refused to renew my firman. Sir Henry Layard had then
left Constantinople, and the Right Honorable G. J. Goschen,
who was sent to succeed him temporarily by Mr. Gladstone, was
not in favor with the Ottoman Court on account of the mandate
he took out with him from the then British Government for the
surrender by the Sultan of the Port of Dulcigno to the Prince
of Montenegro. The Marquis of Dufferin, who was appointed
ambassador at Constantinople, afterwards tried earnestly to
induce the responsible Turkish minister to change his mind, but

PREFACE.

the Porte remained obdurate to the end. I had, therefore, to
close the British Museum researches at the end of July, 1882,
both in Assyria and Babylonia, and returned to England under a
great disappointment, as I had hoped to make further important
discoveries in Southern Babylonia, where I was certain a number
of ancient ruins existed. Since then excavations have been car-
ried on by French and American agents for their respective
museums in Southern Babylonia, but under stringent rules and
regulations debarring them from exportilJg any antiquities out
of the country. The Arabs have managed, however, to steal
many tablets from their collections, which were purchased by
Baghdad dealers for sale in Europe and America.
After having come home at the end of 1882, I began to write
an account of my discoveries and travels, beginning from 1853,
especially as I had been urged by different friends to give to the
world the benefit of my experiences. On completing my nar-
rative, I submitted it to different publishers in London, all of
whom declined the responsibility of its publication, and, as I
could not afford to have it brought out at my risk, there was
nothing for it but to wait for a good opportunity.
Some time afterward an American friend whom I had met
at Miossul, traveling with his amiable wife, suggested that I
should have my book published in America, and through the
kind interest he took in the matter he found a well-known
firm in New York who undertook the publication of it.
All references made throughout my narrative for the transla-
tion of Assyrian and Babylonian legends and historical matters
I owe to the investigations of different decipherers of the cunei-
form writing. Unfortunately, I have not made that dead
language my study, and consequently I am not competent to
give an opinion upon the texts quoted in my book.
I must here acknowledge with gratitude my obligations to
my friend, Mr. Theophilus 0. Pinches, of the Assyrian Depart-
ment at the British Museum, who, on all occasions, rendered me
every assistance in his power in explaining to me the different
readings connected with my discoveries. As he is one of the
best Assyrian scholars, his translations and deductions can not
PREFACE. ix

but be looked upon as trustworthy on matters referring to
Assyrian and Accadian knowledge.
It must be remembered that the translations of Assyrian
records have been undergoing important changes from time to
time since the decipherment of the arrow-headed characters
commenced; and now some of ~he renderings by such gentle-
men as Sir Henry Rawlinson, the Rev. Dr. Hineks, Mr. George
Smith, and others, are not considered correct.
In submitting to my readers my dissent from the opinions

of some travelers and historians regarding certain geographical
positions, I trust that I shall not be considered dogmatic or ob-
trusive. My aim has been to try and lay before the public my
opinion, formed on personal knowledge of Biblical landmarks,
of what I consider to be the most correct explanation of the
subjects mooted, and leave it to the judgment of learned and
competent scholars to decide whose views are the most incon-
testable.
In describing fully my travels and the conduct of my arch~e-
ological work I had one aim in view, and that is to show how
easy it is to get on with all the inhabitants of Biblical lands,
especially the Arabs, provided they are not treated with unbe-
coming hauteur and conceit. I ever found Arabs, Koords, and
Turcomans (all of whom are, of course, Mohammedans), most
tractable people to deal with, and I always found them true, loyal,
and most hospitable. Their women, who possess more freedom
than their sisters in the harems in the great towns, are always
ready to assist and entertain strangers when their men are ab-
sent; and though the latter are extremely sensitive as to the
honor of their wives and daughters, they do not show the least
jealousy in regard to the entertainment of their guests.
As regards the orthography of Arabic, Koordish, and Turk-
ish names, I have always observed the rule of writing them in
the English way so as to insure their correct pronunciation;
disregarding doubtful accentuations, since I have found, on
several occasions, learned scholars mispronouncing accentuated
or circumflexecl letters. For instance, the words Beyroot,
Kharpoot, Erzeroom, Samsoon, Mahmood, etc., which ought to
PREFACE.

be written with double o, are spelled either with a u simple or
pointed, which I found to be of very little help to those who
never heard these words pronounced by the natives of the
country. I remember on one occasion, while I was in a court
of justice in London, when Aboo-Habba (the Arabic name for
the site of Sepharvaim) was alluded to, the first word was pro-
nounced by learned lawyers as “Abew.” Had the word been
written with double o, as “Aboo,” they could not have failed to
pronounce it properly. It has always been a puzzle to me why
people should force themselves to introduce a strange accentua-
tion for this class of names when we have in English such words
as root, boot, moot, mood, etc. Then there is i in Effendi,
Mofti, Madhi, Hajji, Maji, and such like endings, where the
double e in the place of the i will give the Oriental word the
truest sound. I have heard, again and again, well-educated men
make laughable mistakes in pronouncing similar words, as they
read them with a, u, or i. The sound of the final i ili the
above-mentioned words has also an equivalent in English in
the double e, as tree, fee, thee, knee, etc. So also the i other
than the final letter in the words Mardin, Harim, Hamid, and
Al-Rashid. These ought to be Hareem, Hameed, and Rasheed.
As there are two sounds for the c or k in Arabic, and other
Semitic words, one soft like the c in Canaan, and the other
strong like the sound of the ck at the end of knock or block,
I have used c for the former and k for the latter. So also in
regard to the soft and hard s. For the former I used one s, and
for the latter double s. For the guttural h in Arabic I have
used double h like those in Mohhammed and Ahhmed. It is
so difficult to distinguish between the different articulations of
certain Arabic letters which very often prove a stumbling-block
to those who do not possess the power of pronouncing them, I
will give a few examples to show them: A word with double a
like Ssib means to pour out; but the word sib written with
one s is to swear; isslib to crucify, but islib with one a is to
plunder. So also with the hard k, Kkalb means heart, and kalb
with one k dog; Kkurd means monkey, and with a single k


means Coord commonly known as Kurd.
I must take the opportunity, before I conclude, to acknowl
PREFA CE. xi

edge with grateful feeling the kind aid rendered me by my
friends, Mr. W. H. Rylands, the secretary of the Society of
Biblical Arch~eology, and the Reverends Henry Jones and
Mi. F. Ooates,—the former for plans, and the latter for photo-
graphing for me several plates connected with my discoveries.
I am also indebted to Messrs. M. A. Mansell & Co. for supply-
ing me with a few photographs of the bas-.reliefs I discovered
in Assur-bani-pal’s palace.
I likewise acknowledge, with gratitude, the aid rendered me
by my friend, Professor Robert W. Rogers, of the Drew Theo-
logical Seminary, Madison, N. J., in looking over and arranging
the manuscript of the work, which has been intrusted to his
able and kind care. This he has done without making himself
in any way responsible for any view which I have expressed.
U. RASSAM.
7 Powis SQUARE, BRIGnT0N, January, 1897.
INTRODUCTION.

THERE is a sense in which the rediscovery of the Assyrians
and Babylonians may be said to be as interesting as a ro-
mance. These two great peoples were lost to human history.
No word which they had spoken, no thought which had swayed
their lives, no deed which they had done, had come down directly
to us. It was only as the Greek historian, when speaking of the
achievements of his own race; or the Latin, as he recounted the
mighty deeds of imperial Rome; or Hebrew prophet, poet, or
historian, dwelling with measured word on his own glorious
history,—it was only as these touched upon the Assyrians, in
passing, that we could learn anything of these mighty peoples
and the civilizations which they founded and led. This strange
absence of direct information had an element of the mysterious
in it. Our knowledge of the history of Greece and of Rome
had continuity; our knowledge of Assyria and of Babylonia
was fragmentary, disjointed, and, at times, conflicting. Even
the cities of these great peoples were lost, as Rome and Athens
never were. Babylon was buried in a mud-mound; Nineveh
was ~so thoroughly forgotten that for ages her site was unknown,
so that a cultivated Greek, leading home his broken army of
ten thousand men, passed right by it, and neyer knew that be-
neath the mud and sand lay the remains of vast palaces.
This dependence of knowledge upon Greek and Latin and
Hebrew no longer obtains. We now know from Assyrian and
Babylonian books the main course of that great history, the
words and the thoughts of those powerful peoples, and the very
daily life of their cities and hamlets. This knowledge has come
xlii
INTRODUCTION.

to us by slow and painful steps. Cities long buried must be
dug up, books long unseen must be deciphered and then read.
It is a twofold operation. The explorer in the field, directing
a force of men, does the primary work; the patient and quiet
scholar in museum and library follows after, and tells what be
has found, sets the new discovery in its relation to previous
knowledge, and so reconstructs the life of a lost age.
Among all the earlier explorers and excavators, Mr. Hormuzd
Rassam stands forth as a man of distinguished service. He
first struck the spade into many a mound almost unknown.
He brought to Europe n~any a long-lost book. It is well that
after a long circle of years he has gathered together all his
notes and all his memories, to set forth an account of his dis-
coveries, and to tell how he made them. This book contains

that narrative; but it does not stop there. It tells of long
journeys over hills and across deserts in the Semitic Orient. It
describes many a conversation with people all too little known.
It tells of many an Oriental custom, hoary with age, and full
of instruction for the modern student of the Bible. I have read
the book in manuscript and in proof, and found much of inter-
est and of enlightenment in its story. I commend it for exactly
what it is—the record of useful deeds by a capable and patient
explorer, and feel sure that many will find light and knowl-
edge in it.

ROBERT W. ROGERS.

DREW THE0LOGICAL SEMINARY, MADISON, N. J.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER II.

CHAPTER III 

CHAPTER IV 

CRAPPER V 

CHAPTER VI 

CHAPTER VII 

CHAPTER VIII 
CHAPTER IX, ..  
CHAPTER X 
CHAPTER XI 
CHAPTER XII 
CHAPTER XIII 
CHAPTER XIV 
CHAPTER XV 
CHAPTER XVI 
CHAPTER XVII 
CITAPTER XVIII 
CHAPTER XIX 
CHAPTER XX 
CHAPTER XXI 
PAGE.


MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
Portrait of Author Frontispiece.
Plan of Excavations at Kouyunjik Between pages 8 and 9
Obelisk of Assur of Assur-nazir-pal Face page 10
Statue of the God Nebo “ 12

Monolith of Shamshi-Rimmon 

Assur-bani-pal on Horseback 

Clay Tablet from Library of Assur-bani-pal, 

Clay Tablet from the same, containing Account of
Deluge,

Plan of North Palace of Kouyunjik,

Assur-bani-pal, with his Queen,
Servants and Attendants of same 

Bronze Strip from Gates of Balawat 
Clay Prism of Assur-bani-pal 
Barrel Cylinder of Sennacharib 
Site of Temple of Assur-bani-pal 
Plan of Birs Nimroud 
Assyrian Arch at Nimroud Map of Mesopotamia and Assyria, Between
Clay Cylinder of Cyrus (Capture of Babylon) 
Site of Ancient Armenian Temple, Toprae-Kalaa,
Shields and other Objects found at same 
Stone Tablet of Sippará 
Inscription on same (Reverse) 
xvi


ASSHUR AND THE LAND OF NIMROD.

CHAPTER I.

THE interest in Assyrian dicoveries is, I believe, still as great
as when, nearly fifty years ago, the marvelous success of Mr.
(afterwards Sir Henry) Layard’s expeditions to the two ancient
kingdoms of Assyria and Babylonia became known. The story was
so well told by himself in the interesting works entitled “Nineveh
and its Remains,” and “Nineveh and Babylon,” that I need not
dwell upon their importance to the literary, religious, and scientific
world, as they are too universally known to require any praise from
me. Suffice it to say that on his return from his second mission
to Mesopotamia his valuable discoveries excited so much interest
in England that the trustees of the British Museum determined to
continue the researches; so they obtained a further grant from
Government for that purpose. Mr. Layard had suffered so much
from the common fever of the country that he did not care to
venture again to that inhospitable clime, and on his declining to
go out to the East again I was selected by the trustees to proceed
to Mossul to take charge of the excavations under the general
control of Colonel (afterwards Sir Henry) Rawlinson. I accepted
the honor with much reluctance and grief, as I had always enjoyed
traveling with Mr. Layard, and entertained very great pleasure in
working under him.
I was fortunate enough to meet with a companion of the name
of Berrington, who was desirous of visiting Assyria and Babylonia,
and any one who has traveled on horseback in the lands of the
Bible can well appreciate my feeling when I say that there, can be
nothing more pleasant than to fall in, particularly on such a jour-
ney, with a person who is both sociable and agreeable, and I am
glad to say that I found these traits to be the characteristics of
my friend. We left England at the end of August, 1852, in a
Liverpool steamer, bound for Alexandretta, and as she was one of
1
ASSHUR AND THE LAND OF NIMBOD.

those slow trading vessels, it took us just three weeks to reach that
Syrian port. We met there Lord Bury, who had just arrived from
Europe in a French steamer, and was going to Jerusalem. I had
heard that he was going to India by way of Mossul, Baghdad, and
the Persian Gulf; but, on meeting him at the British Consulate,
and asking him if he had that intention, he said that he wished,
in the first place, to visit the Holy Land, and would come to Mossul
afterwards. He did not make his appearance, however, at that
town till three months later.
After having staid a few hours at Alexandretta to hire the
requisite number of riding and luggage horses, and to buy the neces-
sary provisions to take us to Aleppo, we started on our journey, and
reached that place after three days’ march.
When Mr. Layard and I passed through Alexandretta a few
months before, we left most of our traveling kit at the British
Consulate, so that on the present expedition I brought very few
things with me for the journey, fully relying on what we had left
at that port. My disappointment can well be realized, however,
when I found that they had been taken by the artist who was
sent before me by. the British Museum authorities to make draw-
ings of the sculptures discovered in Assyria. After the departure

of Mr. Layard, there was no help for it but to make shift till
I arrived at Aleppo, where I provided myself with the articles
required for the long journeys.
After spending three days in the purchase of provisions and.
other necessary articles for the road, and engaging fresh animals
to take us to Mossul, as those which brought us from Alexandretta
only piy between the latter place and Aleppo, we started for Beera-
jeek, where the Euphrates is crossed. To our great dismay we
found, on arriving near the ferry, that the annoyance of five days’
quarantine was awaiting us on account of the cholera then existing
to the west of the Euphrates. We were allowed, however, to
remain in our tents on the bank of the river opposite the town
of Beerajeek; and as the doctor of the quarantine and other officials
paid us daily visits, and made themselves very agreeable, we man-
aged to pass the time without feeling the least dull. As soon as
we were allowed pratique, we crossed the Euphrates in those anti-
quated, flat-bottomed boats which would frighten a person unaccus-
tomed to them into the belief that they would go to pieces before
they reached the opposite bank. Moreover, they are generally
.JAZEERAH. 3

ankle-deep with bilge-water; and as they take in as many laden
animals as the boat can hold, the unhappy passengers have to keep
out of the animals’ way by hanging anyhow on the rough timber
which is rudely nailed to the sides of the vessel. No sooner does
the boat get into mid-channel than the beasts begin to get restive;
and if there should happen to be a vicious horse or mule amongst
them, a regular stampede follows. My wonder has always been
that, with such a commotion among so many animals, the boat is
not capsized, seeing that, besides the animals, which are crowded
into a boat about twenty feet in length by ~en broad, no less than
fifty or sixty men, wonien, and children are huddled into them
pell-mell. Of course the female portion of the native travelers
fare the worse, as they are huddled together in the bottom of the
boat without any care as to whether they are smeared with bilge-
water or not. It was, however, my rule not to allow any passengers
into the boat I was in, excepting those who belonged to my party,
or any woman who was waiting for an opportunity to cross the
river.
As soon as we arrived at Beerajeek, we hurried on to Mossul
by way of Diarbekir, Midhiat, and Jazeerah, crossing the western
branch of the Tigris twice below the former place, as we wished
to travel along the foot of the Koordistan Mountains. The river
being very shallow at this time of the year (the beginning of Oc-
tober), this route saved us nearly five hours’ ride by avoiding the
circuitous course of the stream.
After our arrival at Jazeerah, other travelers made their ap-
pearance; but instead of taking up their abode in the town, as we
did, they pitched their tents on the bank of the Tigris near the
btidge of boats. Soon afterwards a man came from that quarter
to find out who we were, and I was not a little surprised to learn
that the camp belonged to Mr. Kennett Loftus, who was attached
to the Turco-Persian Boundary Commission, under Colonel (after-
wards General Sir Fenwick) Williams, who was proceeding to Mos-
sul from Persia to take charge of the British Museum explorations
in Assyria. On my going to see him, he was as much surprised
as I was when I first heard of his mission, to hear that I had been
sent by the trustees of the British Museum to superintend the
excavations, as he himself was proceeding thither on the same
errand at the direction of Colonel Rawhinson. He told me that
the Boundary Commission bad been broken up, and that Colonel
ASSHUR AND THE LAND OF NIMROD.

Williams had gone to Constantinople, and all his followers were
returning to their respective homes; that ‘Colonel Rawlinson had
written to him to come down to Mossul to carry on the researches

for the British Museum; but now that he knew I had been sent
out from the headquarters to carry on the work, he would go on to
Baghdad. After spending two days at Jazeerah, we all started
together for Mossul, which we reached in five days.
At Tel-Caif, a large Chaldean village about ten miles from
Mossul, I found a considerable number of my Mossul friends and
relatives awaiting my arrival, among whom was Mr. Hodder, the
artist of the Museum, dressed in the full costume of the country.
After having crossed the bridge of boats leading from Assyria
to Mesopotamia, and reaching the gate of the city, a Moslem
butcher of the town, with whom I used to deal, killed a fine ram in
front of my house, the flesh of which he said he had vowed to dis-
tribute amongst the poor for my safe return. We all took up our
quarters at the hospitable house of my eldest brother, Christian
Rassam, the British vice-consul at Mossul; and his amiable and
courteous English wife acted the hostess with her wonted liberality
and attention. All English travelers who visited Mossul during her
life-time, must have appreciated, I ant sure, her kind demeanor
and the perfect way she acted the hostess to weary and houseless
travelers. There being no hotels or lodging-houses at that time
in any of the large towns of Mesopotamia, the unexpected hos-
pitality in an English house, coupled with the blessing of sleeping
in. a comfortable bed, with. clean sheets and feather pillows, after
a rough journey of twenty or thirty days, was welcomed with more
than double enjoyment.
I learned, after my arrival at Mossul, that the local authorities
were excavating at the mound of Nebee-Yonis, and that M. Place,
the French consul at Mossul, was carrying on researches for the
Louvre, at Khorsabad and in other parts of Assyria. English ex-
cavations were also being conducted on a small scale, under my
brother’s direction, at Koyunjik; but as I had been told that the
French had sent some gangs of workmen to excavate in the neigh-
borhood of Nimroud, I dispatched some workmen forthwith with
an overseer to that mound for fear of our rival taking possession
of it.
A few days before I reached Mossul, an inhabitant of Nebee
MOSSUL. 5

Yonis,* while digging in his house near the mosque, had come
upon an Assyrian monolith, which afterwards proved to be one
of the huge human-headed bulls, similar to those found at Khors-
abad and Koyunjik. He came immediately to inform my brother
of the fact, and as the Tatter deemed it advisable to send an English-
man to make a tentative examination of the ruin, he sent for Mr.
Hodder, and asked him to proceed forthwith to the mound with
a few workmen, and see what the discovery was, and, if possible,
to make a drawing of the monument. On reaching the house,
however, Mr. Hodder was not allowed to approach the discovered
objects, much less was he permitted to dig there; and, instead of
going at once to report the matter to my brother, he went direct
to his house, and did not appear again until the next day, when
it was too late to do anything, as the local authorities had already
got scent of the discovery, and would not allow any one to carry on
the digging. We learned afterwards that M. Place had also heard
of the new find, and early the next morning he went to the place
to try and examine the ruin; but he likewise had also been pre-
vented from digging there. Thinking that he could prevail upon
the governor of ~‘lossul, ililmi r~asiia, to assist him in inducing
the owner of the old remains to allow further excavations in his
house, he went without loss of time to Government House, but
found his excellency was too wide awake for him, because, no
sooner had Hilmi Pasha heard of the discovery than he began to
fill himself with the most sanguine expectations of finding a treas-
ure-trove, or some other fabulous store of precious metal, by which
he would be able to replenish the Imperial exchequer. NI. Place
was told, therefore, that the Ottoman Government was as much in


want of antiquities as the French and English were; whereupon
Hilmi Pasha sent then and there the chief of police to the spot,
with as many convicts as they could muster, to explore the ruin.
The day after my arrival at Mossul I visited our excavations
at Koyunjik and those of the Turks at Nebee-Yonis, in company
with Messrs. Loftus and Berrington. When we arrived at the
latter place we found that there had just been uncovered a human-
headed bull, with a gigantic figure of a man adjoining it, holding
a lion under his arm; but both without any inscription. The gov
* That part of Nineveh adjoining the mound of Koyunjik, supposed
to Contain the tomb of the prophet Jonah.
ASSHUR AND THE LAND OF NIMROD.

ernor of Mossul was good enough to allow me to take copies of
all inscriptions found, for the purpose of sending them to Colonel
Rawhinson to decipher. He asked me at the same time to send one
of my experienced diggers to work with his men, and show them
how the excavations were to be conducted; this answered my pur-
pose admirably, as my man brought me daily reports of what was
going on. Notwithstanding all their anxiety to discover hidden
treasures, the workmen of the Ottoman authorities, being inex-
perienced, and hampered with heavy chains as convicts, had some
difficulty in making any progress with their work; and the first
time I went down into their trenches I could not help laughing
at the result of their labors. There was no idea of system; there-
fore the diggings were most irregular, and the tunnels they tried to
burrow looked more like the work o those who merely wanted to
search for treasure than to uncover an. ancient building. The
amount of work done by them in one day with four gangs of men
I could excavate in a quarter of the time.*
The Mossul local authorities were not able to carry on the re-
search for more than eight or nine months, as they found it rather
expensive to dig there, as the village of Nebee-Yonis is owned
by different natives, and every inch of ground had to be purchased.
Both NI. Place and myself were quite willing to take up the work
abandoned by the Turks; but as Hilmi Pasha objected to the French
digging there, he could not, as a matter of etiquette, allow me to
do so. He got over the difficulty of creating ‘jealousy between
NI. Place and myself by telling us that he could not allow any one
to dig there without a special order from the Porte, which, of
course, he knew could never be obtained, inasmuch as both the
guardians of the shrine of the prophet Jonah and the fanatical
portion of the inhabitants would at that time have most unques-
tionably opposed our application at Mossul and Constantinople.
Moreover, the landlords who might have ventured to sell us their
houses, would have asked such enormous prices that it would have

* To carry on the work I always employed different gangs, each
composed of seven men, and set them to excavate some distance from
each other, with an overseer to superintend them. The gang, generally
speaking, consisted of one digger, one basket-tiller, and five basket-
carriers. The latter carried the debris away from the trenches or tun-
nels; but these were sometimes increased or diminished according to
the distance the rubbish had to be carried.
KOYUNJJK AND NIMROUD. 7

been, at least as far as I was concerned, utterly impossible to accede
to their demands with the limited funds placed at my disposal.
The consequence was, I gave up at that time all hopes of excavating
there.
The only valuable remains the Ottoman authorities found at
Nebee-Yonis, besides the human-headed bulls and gigantic figures,
were a bronzed lion and an inscribed marble tablet, commonly
known as the Nebee-Yonis inscription of Sennacherib, containing
the warlike exploits of that monarch. I was fortunately allowed
to take a copy of the inscription, and send it to Colonel Rawlinson


to decipher. From its reading by different Assyrian scholars, it
appears that this tablet gives an official account of the invasion by
Sennacherib of Judea, Phoenicia, and Armenia, and of the con-
stant warfare between him and the Babylonians and Elamites.*
In the meantime I contented myself with carrying on my
researches at Koyunjik, Nimroud, Kalaa-Shirgat, and other small
mounds in Assyria proper, and in that part of Mesopotamia in the
vicinity of Mossul. I was to some extent curtailed in my diggings
at Koyunjik, because I found, oil arriving at Mossul, that M. Place
had asked and obtained the permission of Colonel Rawlinson to
excavate in the northern portion of the mound; and, although he
had not commenced work there when I arrived at Mossul, he was
expected to do so erelong. I took the earliest opportunity, how-
ever, of placing some workmen to dig at a spot as near as possible
to the limit of the French ground, and appointed other gangs to
try some sites at Nimnroud which bad not been. thoroughly examined
by Mr. Layard. While these explorations were being carried on at
Koyunjik and Nimroud, I employed my time in the removal of
some sculptures from the Palace of Sennacherib discovered by Mr.
Layard, which the trustees of the British Museum wished to have
sent to England. The most important of these were the bas-rehiefs
called “The Siege of Lachish.” ~ I also had to select, pack, and
send to Baghdad, for the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, some sculp-
tures from the Nimroud palaces, which were duplicates of those

* For translations of these texts of Sennacherib, which refer to the
campaigns in Judith, see “Records of the Past,” First Series, Vol. Xl,
p. 45, and also the newest versions by Professor Robert W. Rogers, in
“Records of the Past,” Second Series, Vol. VI, pp. 80 .
  Translated by Professor Rogers, “Records of the Past,” Second
Series, \Tol VI, p. 83.
 

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Ezekiel 38:1  Opìt stalo se slovo Hospodinovo ke mnì, økoucí:
2  Synu èlovìèí, obra� tváø svou proti Gogovi, zemì Magog, knížeti a hlavì v Mešech a Tubal, a prorokuj proti nìmu,
3  A rci: Takto praví Panovník Hospodin: Aj, já budu proti tobì, Gogu, kníže a hlavo v Mešech a Tubal.
4  A odvedu tì zpìt, dada udice do èelistí tvých, když tì vyvedu i všecko vojsko tvé, konì i jezdce, všecky obleèené v celou zbroj, zástup veliký s pavézami a štíty, všecky ty, kteøíž užívají meèe:
5  Perské, Mouøeníny i Putské s nimi, všecky ty s štíty a lebkami,
6  Gomera i všecky houfy jeho, dùm Togarmy od stran pùlnoèních, i všecky houfy jeho, národy mnohé s tebou.
7  Budiž hotov, a pøiprav se, ty i všecko shromáždìní tvé, tìch, kteøíž se k tobì sebrali, a buï strážcím jejich.
8  Po mnohých dnech navštíven budeš, v potomních letech pøitáhneš na lid vysvobozený od meèe, a shromáždìný z národù mnohých na hory Izraelské, kteréž byly pustinou ustaviènì, když oni z národù jsouce vyvedeni, budou bydliti bezpeènì všickni.
9  V tom pøitáhneš a pøijdeš jako bouøe, budeš jako oblak pøikrývající zemi, ty i všickni houfové tvoji, i národové mnozí s tebou.
10  Takto praví Panovník Hospodin: I stane se v ten den, že vstoupí mnohé vìci na srdce tvé, a budeš mysliti myšlení zlé.
11  A díš: Potáhnu na zemi, v níž jsou vsi, pøitáhnu na ty, jenž pokoje užívají, bydlíce bezpeènì, na všecky, kteøíž bydlejí beze všech zdí, a nemají žádné závory ani bran,
12  Abych vzebral koøisti, a rozchvátal loupeže, obraceje ruku svou proti pouštìm již osazeným, a proti lidu zase shromáždìnému z národù, zacházejícímu s dobytkem a jmìním, bydlejícím u prostøed zemì.
13  Sába a Dedan, a kupci moøští, i všecka lvíèata jeho øeknou tobì: K rozebrání-liž koøistí ty se béøeš? K rozchvátání-li loupeže shromáždil jsi množství své, abys bral støíbro a zlato, abys nabral dobytka i zboží, a nashromáždil loupeže veliké?
14  Protož synu èlovìèí, prorokuj a rci Gogovi: Takto praví Panovník Hospodin: Zdaliž toho dne, když bude lid mùj Izraelský bydliti bezpeènì, nezvíš,
15  Kdyžto pøitáhnouce z místa svého od stran pùlnoèních, ty i národové mnozí s tebou, sedíce na koních všickni, shromáždìní veliké a vojsko znamenité,
16  Potáhneš na lid mùj Izraelský jako oblak, abys pøikryl tu zemi? V potomních dnech stane se, že tì pøivedu na zemi svou, aby mne poznali národové, když posvìcen budu v tobì pøed oèima jejich, ó Gogu.
17  Takto praví Panovník Hospodin: Zdaliž ty nejsi ten, o kterémž jsem mluvil za dnù starodávních skrze služebníky své, proroky Izraelské, kteøíž prorokovali za tìch dnù a let, že tì pøivedu na nì?
 

18  A však stane se v ten den, v den, v kterýž pøitáhne Gog na zemi Izraelskou, praví Panovník Hospodin, že povstane prchlivost má s hnìvem mým,
19  A v rozhorlení svém, v ohni prchlivosti své mluviti budu. Jistì že v ten den bude pohnutí veliké v zemi Izraelské,
20  Tak že se pohnou pøed tváøí mou ryby moøské i ptactvo nebeské, a zvìø polní i všeliký zemìplaz plazící se po zemi, i všickni lidé, kteøíž jsou na svrchku zemì. I rozválejí se hory, a padnou výsosti, i každá zed na zem upadne.
21  Nebo zavolám proti nìmu po všech horách mých meèe, praví Panovník Hospodin; meè každého proti bratru jeho bude.
22  A vykonám pøi nìm soud morem a krve prolitím a pøívalem rozvodnilým, a kamením krupobití velikého, ohnìm a sirou dštíti budu na nìj i na houfy jeho, a na národy mnohé, kteøíž jsou s ním.
23  A tak zveleben, a posvìcen, a v známost uveden budu pøed oèima národù mnohých, a zvìdí, že já jsem Hospodin.

Ezekiel 39:1  Ty synu èlovìèí, prorokuj ještì proti Gogovi a rci: Takto praví Panovník Hospodin: Aj, já povstanu proti tobì, ó Gogu, kníže a hlavo v Mešech a Tubal.
2  A odvedu tì zpìt, navštívì tì šesti ranami, když tì vzbudím, abys pøitáhl od stran pùlnoèních, a pøivedu tì na hory Izraelské.
3  Nebo vyrazím luèištì tvé z ruky tvé levé, a støely z ruky tvé pravé vyvrhu.
4  Na horách Izraelských padneš ty i všickni houfové tvoji i národové, kteøíž budou s tebou; ptákùm a všemu ptactvu køídla majícímu i zvìøi polní dám tì k sežrání.
5  Na svrchku pole padneš; nebo� jsem já mluvil, praví Panovník Hospodin.
6  Vypustím také oheò na Magoga i na ty, kteøíž pøebývají na ostrovích bezpeènì, i zvìdí�, že já jsem Hospodin.
7  A jméno svatosti své uvedu v známost u prostøed lidu svého Izraelského. Nedopustím, pravím, více poškvròovati jména svatosti své, i zvìdí� národové, že já jsem Hospodin Svatý v Izraeli.
8  Aj, pøijde� a stane se to, praví Panovník Hospodin, téhož dne, o kterémž jsem mluvil.
9  Tehdy vyjdou obyvatelé mìst Izraelských, a zapálíce, popálí zbroj a štíty i pavézy, luèištì i støely, døevce i kopí, a budou je páliti ohnìm sedm let.
10  Aniž nositi budou døíví s pole, ani sekati v lesích, proto že zbrojí zanìcovati budou oheò, když zloupí ty, kteøíž je loupívali, a mocí poberou tìm, kteøíž jim mocí brávali, praví Panovník Hospodin.

Ezekiel 39:11  I stane se v ten den, že dám Gogovi místo ku pohøbu tam v Izraeli, údolí, kudyž se jde k východní stranì k moøi, kteréžto zacpá ústa tudy jdoucích. I pohøbí tam Goga i všecko množství jeho, a nazovou je údolí množství Gogova.
12  Nebo pochovávati je budou dùm Izraelský za sem mìsícù proto, aby vyèistili zemi.
13  A tak pohøbí je všecken lid té zemì, a bude jim to ku poctivosti v den, v kterýž oslaven budu, praví Panovník Hospodin.
14  Oddìlí� pak muže stateèné, kteøíž by procházeli tu zemi, proto aby pochovávali ty, kteøíž by pozùstali na svrchku zemì, aby ji vyèistili. Po vyjití sedmi mìsícù pøehledávati zaènou.
15  A ti procházejíce, choditi budou po zemi, a když uzøí kosti èlovìèí, vzdìlají pøi nich znamení pamìtné, aby je pohøbili hrobaøi v údolí množství Gogova.
16  Nýbrž to množství jeho bude k slávì i mìstu, když vyèistí tu zemi.
17  Ty pak synu èlovìèí, takto praví Panovník Hospodin: Rci ke všelijakým ptákùm køídla majícím i ke všelijaké zvìøi polní: Shromažïte se a pøiïte, zbeøte se odevšad k obìtem mým, kterýchž já nabiji vám,obìtí velikých na horách Izraelských, a budete jísti maso a píti krev.
18  Maso silných rekù jísti budete, a krev knížat zemských píti, skopcù, beranù a kozlù, volkù, všecko tuèných Bázanských.
19  A budete jísti tuk do sytosti, a píti krev do opití z obìtí mých, kterýchž vám nabiji.
20  A nasytíte se z stolu mého koòmi i jezdci, silnými reky i všemi muži váleènými, dí Panovník Hospodin.
21  A tak zjevím slávu svou mezi národy, aby vidìli všickni národové soud mùj, kterýž jsem vykonal, i ruku mou, kterouž jsem doložil na nì.
22  I zví� dùm Izraelský, že já jsem Hospodin Bùh jejich, od tohoto dne i potom.
23  Zvìdí také i národové, že pro svou nepravost zajat jest dùm Izraelský, proto že se dopouštìli pøestoupení proti mnì; proèež jsem skryl tváø svou pøed nimi, a vydal jsem je v ruku protivníkù jejich, aby padli meèem všickni napoøád.
24  Podlé neèistoty jejich a podlé zpronevìøení se jejich uèinil jsem jim, a skryl jsem tváø svou pøed nimi.
25  Z té pøíèiny takto praví Panovník Hospodin: Již� zase pøivedu zajaté Jákobovy, a smiluji se nade vším domem Izraelským a horliti budu pøíèinou jména svatosti své,
26  Aè ponesou potupu svou a všecko pøestoupení své, kteréhož se dopustili proti mnì, když bydlili v zemi své bezpeènì, aniž byl, kdo by je pøestrašil.
27  A však je zase pøivedu z národù, a shromáždím je z zemí nepøátel jejich, a posvìcen budu v nich pøed oèima národù mnohých.
28  A tak poznají, že já jsem Hospodin Bùh jejich, když zaveda je do národù, shromáždím je do zemì jejich, a nepozùstavím tam žádného z nich.
29  Aniž skryji více tváøi své pøed nimi, když vyleji Ducha svého na dùm Izraelský, praví Panovník Hospodin.

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