Oil Export Routes - CASPIAN SEA REGION
JULY 2002
Table 4. Oil Export Routes and Options in the Caspian Sea Region
| Name/Location | Route | Crude Capacity | Length | Estimated Cost/Investment | Status |
| Atyrau-Samara Pipeline | Atyrau (Kazakhstan) to Samara (Russia), linking to Russian pipeline system | Recently increased to 310,000 bbl/d | 432 miles | Increase in capacity cost
approximately $37.5 million |
Existing pipeline recently upgraded by adding pumping and heating stations to increase capacity. |
| Baku-Ceyhan ("Main Export Pipeline") | Baku (Azerbaijan) via Tbilisi (Georgia) to Ceyhan (Turkey), terminating at the Ceyhan Mediterranean Sea port | Planned: 1 million bbl/d | Approximately 1,038 miles | $2.9 billion | One-year detailed engineering study completed in June 2002. Construction on Turkish section of pipeline began in June 2002. Completion of entire pipeline targeted for 2004, exports by Feb. 2005. |
| Baku-Supsa Pipeline (AIOC "Early Oil" Western Route) | Baku to Supsa (Georgia), terminating at Supsa Black Sea port | Recently upgraded from 115,000 to 145,000 bbl/d; proposed upgrades to between 300,000 bbl/d to 600,000 bbl/d | 515 miles | $600 million | Exports began in April 1999; approximately 115,000 bbl/d exported via this route in 2001. |
| Baku-Novorossiisk Pipeline (Northern Route) | Baku via Chechnya (Russia) to Novorossiisk (Russia), terminating at Novorossiisk Black Sea oil terminal | 100,000 bbl/d capacity; possible upgrade to 300,000 bbl/d | 868 miles; 90 miles are in Chechnya | $600 million to upgrade to 300,000 bbl/d | Exports began late 1997; exports in 2001 averaged 50,000 bbl/d. |
| Baku-Novorossiisk Pipeline (Chechnya bypass, with link to Makhachkala) | Baku via Dagestan to Tikhoretsk (Russia) and terminating Novorossiisk Black Sea oil terminal | Currently: 120,000 bbl/d (rail and pipeline: 160,000 bbl/d); Planned: 360,000 bbl/d (by 2005) | 204 miles | $140 million | Completed April 2000. Eleven-mile spur connects bypass with Russia's Caspian Sea port of Makhachkala. |
| Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) Pipeline | Tengiz oil field (Kazakhstan) to Novorossiisk Black Sea oil terminal | Currently: 565,000-bbl/d; Planned: 1.34-million bbl/d (by 2015) | 990 miles | $2.5 billion for Phase 1 capacity; $4.2 billion total when completed | First tanker loaded in Novorossiisk (10/01); exports rising to 400,000 bbl/d by end-2002 |
| Central Asia Oil Pipeline | Kazakhstan via Turkmenistan and Afghanistan to Gwadar (Pakistan) | Proposed 1 million bbl/d | 1,040 miles | $2.5 billion | Memorandum of Understanding signed by the countries; project stalled by regional instability and lack of financing. |
| Iran-Azerbaijan Pipeline | Baku to Tabriz (Iran) | Proposed 200,000 bbl/d to 400,000 bbl/d | N/A | $500 million | Proposed by TotalFinaElf. |
| Iran Oil Swap Pipeline | Neka (Iran) to Tehran (Iran) | 175,000 bbl/d, rising to 370,000 bbl/d | 208 miles | $400 million to $500 million | Under construction; oil will be delivered to Neka and swapped for an equivalent amount at the Iranian Persian Gulf coast. |
| Kazakhstan-China Pipeline | Aktyubinsk (Kazakhstan) to Xinjiang (China) | Proposed 400,000 bbl/d to 800,000 bbl/d | 1,800 miles | $3 billion to $3.5 billion | Agreement 1997; feasibility study halted in September 1999 because Kazakhstan could not commit sufficient oil flows for the next 10 years. |
| Kazakhstan- Turkmenistan-Iran Pipeline | Kazakhstan via Turkmenistan to Kharg Island (Iran) on Persian Gulf | Proposed 1million bbl/d | 930 miles | $1.2 billion | Feasibility study by TotalFinaElf; proposed completion date by 2005. |
| Khashuri-Batumi Pipeline | Dubendi (Azerbaijan) via Khashuri (Georgia) to Batumi | Initial 70,000 bbl/d, rising to 140,000 bbl/d-160,000 bbl/d | Rail system from Dubendi to Khashuri, then 105-mile pipeline from Khashuri to Batumi | $70 million for pipeline renovation | ChevronTexaco has canceled plans to rebuild and expand the existing pipeline. |
| Trans-Caspian (Kazakhstan Twin Pipelines) | Aqtau (western Kazakhstan, on Caspian coast) to Baku; could extend to Ceyhan | N/A | 370 miles to Baku | $2 billion to $4 billion (if to Ceyhan) | Feasibility study agreement signed in December 1998 by Royal/Dutch Shell, ChevronTexaco, ExxonMobil, and Kazakhstan; project stalled by lack of Caspian Sea legal agreement. |
Table 5. Natural Gas Export Routes and Options in the Caspian Sea Region
| Name/Location | Route | Capacity | Length | Estimated Cost/Investment | Status |
| Baku-Erzurum | Baku (Azerbaijan) via Tbilisi (Georgia) to Erzurum (Turkey), linking with Turkish natural gas pipeline system | Planned 254 Bcf capacity | 540 miles | $1 billion (includes up to $500 million to construct new Azeri section) | Financing being arranged, construction originally scheduled to start in summer 2002. |
| "Centgas" (Central Asia Gas) | Daulatabad (Turkmenistan) via Herat (Afghanistan) to Multan (Pakistan). Could extend to India. | 700 Bcf/year | 870 miles to Multan (additional 400 miles to India) | $2 billion to Pakistan (additional $500 million to India) | Memorandum of Understanding signed by Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan. Presidents of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan met in May 2002 to discuss reviving this pipeline idea. |
| Central Asia-Center Pipeline | Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan via Kazakhstan to Saratov (Russia), linking to Russian natural gas pipeline system | 3.5 Tcf/year | Existing route | N/A | Operational. Turkmenistan is using this pipeline to export a total of 8.83 Tcf to Ukraine (via Russia) from 2002 to 2006, as well as smaller amounts to Russia. |
| China Gas Pipeline | Turkmenistan to Xinjiang (China). Could extend to Japan. | 1 Tcf/year | 4,1,61 miles; more if to Japan | $10 billion to China; more if to Japan | Preliminary feasibility study done by ExxonMobil, Mitsubishi, and CNPC |
| Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline (TCGP) | Turkmenbashy (Turkmenistan) via Baku and Tbilisi to Erzurum, linking with Turkish natural gas pipeline system | 565 Bcf in first stage, eventually rising to 1.1 Tcf/year | 1,020 miles | $2 billion to $3 billion | Project stalled; negotiations between Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan over pipeline volumes restarted in October 2001. |
| Korpezhe-Kurt-Kui | Korpezhe (Turkmenistan) to Kurt-Kui (Iran) | 283-350 Bcf/year; expansion proposed to 459 Bcf/year by 2005 | 124 miles | $190 million; 2005 expansion: $300 million to $400 million | Operational since December 1997. |
Table 6. Bosporus Bypass Oil Export
Routes
(for Oil Transiting the Black Sea)
| Name/Location | Route | Crude Capacity | Length | Estimated Cost/Investment | Status |
| Adria-Druzhba Integration | Russian Druzhba export pipeline connected to Adria pipeline (flows reversed) to terminus at Omisalj (Croatia) | 100,000 bbl/d in first full year of operation; increasing to 300,000 bbl/d | 1,987 miles in total | $20 million to modernize Adria, integrate the pipelines, and reverse existing flows | Yukos expects exports from Omisalj via the integrated pipeline system to start by end-2002. |
| Albanian Macedonian Bulgarian Oil (AMBO) Pipeline | Burgas (Bulgaria) via Macedonia to Vlore (Albania) on Adriatic coast | 750,000 bbl/d (could be expanded to 1-million bbl/d) | 560 miles | $850 million to $1.1 billion | Construction delayed, (proposed 2001-2002) as financing is arranged. Completion originally targeted for 2004-2005. |
| Burgas Alexandropoulis (Trans-Balkan Oil Pipeline) | Burgas to Alexandropoulis (Greece) on the Aegean Sea coast | Proposed 600,000 bbl/d to 800,000 bbl/d | 178 miles | $600 million | Initial agreement signed in 1997 between Bulgaria, Greece, and Russia. Project delayed. |
| Constanta-Trieste Pipeline | Constanta (Romania) via Hungary, Slovenia, and/or Croatia to Trieste (Italy) on the Adriatic Sea coast. Omisalj (Croatia) has also been proposed as a terminus. | 660,000 bbl/d | 855 miles | $900 million | Feasibility studies completed; financing still to be arranged. |
| South-East European Line (SEEL) | Constanta via Pancevo (Yugoslavia) and Omisalj to Trieste. Omisalj has also been proposed as a terminus. | 660,000 bbl/d | 750 miles | $800 million | Feasibility studies completed; financing still to be arranged. |
| Odesa-Brody Pipeline | Odesa (Ukraine) to Brody
(Ukraine), linking to the southern Druzhba pipeline; optional spurs to the northern Druzhba line at Plotsk (Poland) and/or to Gdansk on the Baltic Sea coast. |
500,000 bbl/d | 400 miles from Odesa to Brody | $750 million for pipeline and Pivdenny terminal | Construction on pipeline completed in August 2001; Pivdenny terminal became operational in December 2001. Ukraine is seeking to sign contracts with Caspian oil exporters to fill the line. |
Source: USDOE
htp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/caspgrph.html
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