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Secrets of the Jewish Tabernacle

Secrets of the Jewish Tabernacle

History and Structure

by 

W. Shaw Caldecott

 

The Tabernacle
Its History and Structure



The Tabernacle
Its History
and
Structure

By the Rev. W. Shaw Caldecott
(Member of the Royal Asiatic Society)



With a Preface by the Rev A. It Sayce, D.D., LL.D.
(Professor of Assyriology at Oxford University)


1906
PREFACE.

By the Rev. A. H. SAYCE, D.D., LL.D. (Professor of Assyriology at the
Oxford University).


MR. CALDECOTT has written a very interesting
 volume. He has been content to study the Old.
Testament books themselves instead of the commentators
upon them, and the result is an unconventional and
original work. He has shown that there are discoveries
yet to be made in the text qf the Old Testament by those
who will put aside traditional interpretations and examine
what the Hebrew writers have actually said. All the new

views put forward by him are, of course, not likely to win
general assent; that is the case with all pioneering work.
It is sufficient if the most important of them prove to be
established on a firm basis of fact.
The kernel of the book is the history and architecture
of the Tabernacle. There are mathematical calculations
involved in the architectural restoration of the Israelitish
sanctuary into which I will not follow him; they must be
left to the professional mathematician. It is naturally
only that part of Mr. Caldecott’s researches which deals
with subjects familiar to me about which I am qualified
to write.
PREFACE.

He has made considerable use of the much-neglected
materials contained in the Books of -the Chronicles, and.
has shown that when properly understood they are worthy
of more credit than criticism nowa&Tys is disposed to
allow. -That David should have left ‘plans’ of the future
temple-buildings behind him may seem too modern an
idea to many readers, but it is borne out by archaeological
fact. Such plans were made in Egypt and Babylonia
centuries before the days of David, and some of them have
survived to our own time. The profession of the architect
is immensely old in the civilised East.
One of the points upon which he has rightly insisted is
the historical importance of the destruction of Shiloh. It
is a point to which I also have drawn attention in my
Early Hi8tory of the Hebrews. That there should be no
detailed account of it in the Old Testament is not
surprising; Shiloh was the centre and home of what
literary culture there was in Israel during the stormy
period. of the J~udges, and its destruction necessarily meant
a break in the literary and annalistic record. It would
have been at the central sanctuary only that a yearly
chronicle of events could be kept.
The destruction of Shiloh seems to correspond with an
archt~ological fact which is but just forcing itself upon
our notice. The earliest monument of the so-called
‘Ph~niciau’ alphabet still remains the Moabite Stone, the
date of which is the ninth century before our era. The
excavations which have been carried on by the Palestine
Exploration Fund on the sites of various ancient cities in
the south of Canaan have failed to bring to light any
PREFACE. vii

earlier relic of the ‘Phoenician’ alphabet. The same
result has followed on the Austrian excavations at
Taanach, where the Canaanitish population does not
appear to have submitted to Israelitish rule until the
reigns of David and Solomon. Before that date whatever
written documents have been found, have been in the
language and cuneiform script of Babylonia. At Taanach
the official records were kept in cuneiform, and it is
probable that what was the case at Taanach was the case
also in other cities of the country. In the Tel el-Atnarna
tablets of the century before the Exodus there is no trace
of any other script being known.
On the other hand, the Tyrian annals translated into
Greek by Menand.er must have been written in. ‘Phoanician’
letters, and we know from J’osephus that they~went back
to Hiram, the son of Abibal, the contemporary of David
and Solomon. In the Book of Judges we have in the Song
of Deborah and Barak ,a poem which is contemporaneous
with the events to which it refers. Supposing that it
was handed down in writing and not orally---and the

allusion to ‘the staff of the scribe’ in Judges v. 14 raises
a presumption in favour of this—was it originally written
in cuneiform characters or in the letters of the ‘Phoanician’
alphabet? If in the latter, the archa~ological absence of
any early example of the ‘Phoanician’ script is, to say
the least, difficult to explain. It may be, then, that the
destruction of Shioh marks the break between the old
culture and the new, between the use of the cuneiform
syllabary and the Babylonian language that went along
with it, and that of the ‘Phceuioian’ alphabet and the
PREFACE.

Canaanitish or Hebrew tongue. The importance of the
fact in its relation n~t only to Israelitish history but also
to the composition and text of the older books of the Old
Testament need not be pointed out.
In his restoration of the architecture of the Tabernacle,
Mr. Caldecott seems to me to -have been successful. - At
all events, if it is achnitted, the Biblical description of the
building becomes intelligible and self-consistent. That
more than one cubit was employed in its measurement is
what would be expected by anyone who was acquainted
with the metrology of ancient Babylonia or who had lived
in modern Egypt. It is only with his interpretation of
the Senkereh tablet, or rather of the ideographs found in
it, that I must part company from the author.
His book once more impresses upon us the necessity of
archa3ological research in Palestine. There are questions
suggested by it which can be settled only by the spade of
the excavator. If Mr. Caldecott is right in his theory as
to the origin of the Rdmet el-Khal2l near Hebron, a new
light will be cast on the social and religious condition of
Israel in the age of Samuel. And in reading what he has.
to say about Shiloh, more than once I have been inclined
to exclaim: ‘Oh that the site could be arch~eologically
explored ! ‘ Until Palestine has been made to yield up
its buried past like Egypt and Babylonia, the Old
Testament will remain a battle-ground. for disputants who
have no solid basis of fact on which to stand.

~
INTRODUCTION.

T WRITE from the once Holy City, and am happy in
~ knowing that the object of my visit to Palestine has

been satisfactorily attained. Let me say, in brief, what
that object was, and in what manner the problems that
I brought with me have been solved. I came prepared
with a literary demonstration of the cubit of the Bible,
as given to the Royal Asiatic Society’ and included
in this volume. That instrument I was desirous of
applying, as a test both of”itself and of the subject, to the
most remarkable ruin within the limits of the ancient
Jewish State.2 When I say ‘ruin’ I limit the term to
include only buildings dedicated to the worship of God
or the service of man. The special ruin to which I refer
is a large rectangular ground-figure enclosed within
monolithic stone walls, standing near to, though not
visible from, the ancient highway leading from Jerusalem
to Hebron. Countless travellers have looked on this
mysterious handiwork of man with reverence and. wonder.
Each must have speculated as to who reared its massive
masonry, and for what purpose. Arcba~ologists have


I Reproduced in this volume as Part II. p. 107 et seq.
2 S~e Dr. Edward Robinson’s descriptions in Part I, Chapter 2, pp. 42, 43.
INTRODUCTION.

agreed that we have not here the remains of a church.
Nor could these low walls of solid stone have been those
of any military fortification, as the work is of too refined.
and. time-engrossing a character to have been done for
the purposes of war. The questions remain, to whom
do we owe these vast substructions, and for what
purpose were they laid? To these questions I believed
that I bad an answer, anti I was supremely anxious to
visit 1?Amet el-R4d111 and to satisfy myself on certain
points before giving that answer to the world.
For this purpose I made my way to Hebron, where
I was received with the most cordial hospitality by
Dr. and Mrs. Paterson, of the United F~~ee Church
Medical Mission, stationed there. From Dr. Paterson
I also received much-needed and invaluable assistance in
taking measurements, and in making other arrangements
necessary in a population so hostile to Christians as is
that of ilebron to-day.
As I am publishing, with this, a reconstructed plan
of the enclosure, together with sundry photographs of it,
I do not need to add many topographical details. I may,
however, be allowed to show the significance of some
figures given in the drawing of the Plan of reconstruction.
The first and in some respects the cardinal result attained
by my measurements is a conviction that the Râmet
ruin is a work of Jewish, or rather of Israelitish origin,
and that the standard of length used in its construction
is that of the newly-discovered. Hebrew cubit. The
thickness of the walls throughout, where perfect, is a
good illustration of this fact. The foundation, wherever
INTRODUCTION. xi

visible, has a uniform thickness of ~ feet, or .5 cubits.
The foundation being built of this dimension to the level
of the interior, it is then rebated or reduced ,bythe length
of a single cubit, and is 44. feet through. Its height above
the foundation is 6 cubits (7 ft. 2~4 ins.), each of the two
courses of stone having an average height of 3 ft. 7 ins.,
as stated in the Survey of Western Palestine, published by
the Palestine Exploration Fund Society (vol. iii. p. 322).
A similar harmony runs throughout the, whole series
of actual measurements, the unbroken building cubit of
a-foot-and-a-fifth being the common denominator of all
the dimensions of original work still standing.’ This
is particularly noticeable in. the diameter of the well,
which has a measure of 8 cubits (9~- feet), and is
surrounded by a platform 15 cubits in the square
(18 feet).
One could, not expect a structure that may have
resisted the weathering influence of three thousand
years to show as crisp and exact a set of figures as it
did when first erected. Nor must we leave out of’
view the depredations of an ignorant peasantry. Of
this there is a somewhat obvious case in the rough
chiselling of one of the border stones of the well-
platform into a trough out of which small cattle may
drink. Happily the stone is still in Bitu.
Nor are the four walls which formed the enclosure
perfect. That on the south side is in an almost unbroken

This fact is of the first importance, as hebrew architects and builders-
did not usually use fractions in conjunction with whole cubits. For measures

less than a single cubit, see pp. 220, 223.
INTRODUCTION.

condition, many of its stones being 12 and 15 feet in
length, laid without mortar, and truly squared. The
west wall is in fair condition,1 as is a portion on the north
side. The east wall has almost completely disappeared,
though its line can still be traced. There is thus no
difficulty in determining the size of the enclosure as
originally constructed. To this point the grsatest
interest attaches, as’ it is well established that every
sacred area amongst the Jews was not built upon by
its surrounding wall, but was enclosed by it. Keeping
this principle in view, I was careful to see if there were
any relation in size between the area enclosed at Rátnet
and the primitive court of the Tabernacle—which, in the
times of the Judges, stood successively at Gilgal, Shiloh,
Nob, and~ Gibeon. As the large or ground-cubit was used’
in all such delimitations, we know from Exodus that the
People’s or Altar Court of the Tabernacle was a square of
50 eubits or 75 English feet, and that the great Altar
of Sacrifice stood on its western line, equidistant from its
two ends. Judge of my surprised delight when I found.
that the Rámet enclosure gave a square of 100 cubits or
150 English feet in the clear,2 showing it to have bad an
area exactly four times that of the Tabernacle Court of
Worship. The growth of the nation in the centuries that
passed between the great Lawgiver and the last of the
Judges would make such an enlargement necessary.

See photographs of portions of its interior and exterior, opposite
pp. ~x and zu.
~ Not including those portions of the foundation built only to the level of
the floor.
INTRODUCTION. xiii

I must no longer conceal from my readers the fact that
the theory which I took with tue to Palestine, and. which
I wished to test by an appeal to the topography of
.Râmet, was that the enclosure now standing ‘vvas built to
surround with a stone fence ‘the Altar to Jehovah that
Samuel built in Ramah,’ about 1050 B.C. (1 Samuel vii. 17).
In furtherance of the correctness of this ‘view let me
enlarge for a moment on the requirements of such an
altar, as deduced from all that we know of the Mosaic
economy of sacrifice. Having an east aspect as an
essential,’ there would require to be, in addition to the
altar-court in which the people assembled, space for the
ministrations of the priests and for the slaying of the
sacrifices.
In the Tabernacle these ends were attained by the
curtaining of a second square of 75 feet lying to the west.
There being no Tabernacle at Ramah, a compromise was
effected, by which a space about equal to one-third of the
Great Court was included within the stone-walling. The
interior length of the enclosure is 204 feet, it having been
imperative that the additional width of 54 feet should be
measurable either by the large cubit for Survey purposes
or by the medium cubit for building purposes. I need
not point out that 54 feet is equal to 36 large and 45
medh~m cubits.
The present condition of the ruin shows that the added
54 feet was, at one end of the addition, divided. into three

1 The north and south walls at .R&met run east, ‘with an inelinalion ot
4 to the south, as recorded in the third ‘~oiume of the Surrey of Wester,)


jar.
INTRODUCTION.

squares of equal size. There are, as partially shown in
one of the photographs, two paved platforms (of different
heights of paving) in the south-west corner of the R~met
enclosure. Each of these is a square of 18 feet, a third
square of the same size intervening between them and the
line of the large quadrangle in which the altar stood.
This third square was probably used as a wood-pile for the
altar fires, the centre square as the place for the layer, and
the corner square stifi retains its intended use as that in
which the well was dug that supplied water for the washing
of the sacrifices and the repeated ablutions of the priests.
It is not necessary here to linger over minor points of
coincidence, though there are many such.’ But I cannot
omit a short reference to the well itself. This is, without
exception, the finest bit of ancient masonry in the Land
of the Bible. Each stone is squared and set without
mortar. The well, fed by an interior spring, was,
brimming full of clear water when I saw it, but each
stone visible had a concave face, without margin or boss.
The stones are not of a uniform size or thickness, but
each concentric circle or course was completely formed
of full-sized stones, all of the same thickness. No such
careful and elaborate work as this well shows is to be seen
anywhere else in Palestine, so far as my reading and
observation go.

1 The most obvious of these is, perhaps, that of the ledges as shown in the
‘interior’ photograph and referred to in the table of references on the
reconstruction plan. The length of these was possibly determined by the size
of the stone slabs which rested. on them, as they are not uniform and do not
conform to the whole-cubic principle. As such tables were not ordered in the
specification, a certain latitude may have been taken in their construction.
INTRODUCTION.. xv

Let me add a few words of description as to the
desecration which has been allowed to take place at
1~ámet in quite recent times. The Fellaheen have been
permitted to build two walls of rubble stone across the
enclosure, dividing it into three nearly equal parts. Two
of the three spaces thus created. have been made into
gardens by carrying some tons of earth to overlay the
rock. The space to the west ‘in which the well stands
is comparatively ólear. All search for the main entrance
gate in the centre of the east wall ~is further barred by
the erection, within the enclosure, of, a ‘rubble house,
untenanted. Without the line of this wall lie great
heaps of stones piled in confusion. Were the earth and
stones that now encumber it removed, the question of
Samuel’s possible connection with the Râmet el-Xh4W
could be finally and authoritatiyely settled. The sills of
the north door and east gate might be recovered, and even
the foundation of the altar-base might be distinguishable.
In concluding this very imperfect sketch of the origin
and probable use of a monumeht which may ~e found.
to antedate the, establishment of the Hebrew monarchy,
and incidentally to settle the greatest unsolved problem
of Biblical g~ography, i.e. the locality of Samuel’s
Ramah, I may be permitted to refer to my own
sense of pleasure at being able to put the results of
these investigations into such a permanent record as we
have before us in this volume.

W. SHAW CALDECOTT.


JERUSALEM.

February, 1904.
xvi


INTRODIJCTIOIN TO SECOND EDITION.

THE hearty and unanimous welcome given to this little
~ book, on both sides of the Atlantic, encourages me
to issue it again.
This Edition contains some improvements which the
reader wiLl have no difficulty in discovering. Corrections
have been made simplifying the text and bringing into
clearer relief the points on which this work differs from
other books of its kind.

W. S. C.
BovRNEisxouTn.
January, 1906.

‘CONTENTS


PREFACE BY THE Rnv. PRoFEssoR A. H. Siycn, D.D~, LL.D. v

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . ‘ix
INTRODUCTION TO SECOND EDITION . . xvi

PART I

THE HISTORY OP THE TABERNACLE

CHAPTER I

TO THE DESTRUCTION OP SHILOH

The Start from Sinai—First arrival at Kadesh—First
departure from Kadesh—Second arrival at Kadesh—
Second departure from Kadesh—Death of Aaron—
The Edomite route taken—Early Stages—Passage
of the Jordan—The Tabernacle at Gilgal—Removed
to Shiloh—Decay of Faith—Fall of Shiloh—Re-
turned to Gilgal—Defeat of the Phulistines . . 1—34


CHAPTER II

TO THE BUILDING OF THE TEMPLE

History of the Taberriacle—Samuel’s Last Days—His
Altar at Ramah—The functions of Sacriflce—J?dmet
Si- E7u~lil—_The J?dmet Enclosure—Saul’s ‘visit to
CONTENTS.

Cprr~n II (coETn~En)

Samuel—His return to Gibeon—Taberuacle removed
to Nob — Identification of Nob — Senuacherib on
Nob—The Tabernacle at Gibeon—Massacre of the
Gibeonites—Gibeon as a Capital—Tabernacle Site at
Gibeon—A second Tabernacle—Rise of Obed-Edoin
—Ark ‘brought to Ierusalem—Public Worship re-
organizeci—Theophany on Moriah—Altar built on
}Ioriah—Three centres of Worship—David’s Plans
for the Temple—Descendants of Moses—Solomon
becomes King—Temple Service organized—Courts
of Law readjusted—Ecclesiastical towns revised—
Reduction of Priestly towns — Reduction of Ko-
hathite towns—Reduction of Merarite towns—
Discontent removed — High-priesthood settled —
Tabernacle history ended—’ The second Priest’ . 35—104



PART II

THE TRIPLE CUBIT OP BABYLONIA

CHAPTER I

ON THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE

SENKEREK TABLET

Glossary of principal Cuneiform characters used in the
Senkereh Tablet — The Senkereb Mathematical
Tablet—History of the Tablet—The Tablet columns
—Deductions from the Tablet—Fraction signs—
Value signs—Arithmetical sign . . . . 105—139
CONTENTS. xxi

CHAPTER II

THE RESTORATION OP THE SCALE OP GUDEA AND

ITS COINCIDENCES WITH THE SENKEREK TABLET


History of the Scale of Gudea—The Scale itself—
Length of the Scale—Cuttings on the Scale—Palm
of the Scale—The Sexagesimal System—Application
of the Scale—Babylonian length-measures . . 140—156


PART III

THE TRIPLE CUBIT OP BABYLONIA AS
USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OP THE
TABERNACLE
CHAPTER I

THE ADJUNCTS AND ACCESSORIES OP THE

TABERNACLE

The’ Biblical Cubit announced —‘ Cubits’ of three
lengths—Hebrew conservatism—Size of the Taber-
nacle Court—The Court Enclosure—Plan of the
Court—The Gate of Sacrifice—The Gate of Worship
—Vestibule of the East Gate—Dimensions’ of the
Great Altar—Position of the Great Altar—Pro-
Tabernacle Tent of Worship—Pillars of the Taber-
nacle—The eleven Curtains of the Tent—The Screen
of the Tabernacle—External coverings . . • 157—192
CONTENTS.

CHAPTER II

THE TABERNACLE WITHIN THE TENT


The Walls of the Tabernacle—Holy Chambers exact
in size—The Veil of the Sanctuary—The figured
Curtains—Ventilation of the Chambers—The Tent
portable—The Curtains not sewn—Tent-ropes and
pegs—Dormitories of the Tent—Gilding of the
Tabernacle ‘. . . . . . . . 193—213


PART IV

THE TRIPLE CUBIT IN BABYLONIA

AND IN PALESTINE

New light on the Tabernacle—The Small Cubit as
Span—Testimony of the Talmud—The, Stature of
Goliath — The Cubits of Herodotus —The Bin-
.ZVinzroud—Infiuence of Babylon in Asia. . . 215—231
INDEX . ‘ . . . . . . . 232
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1, CONVENTIONAL TABERNACLE ; 2, FKRGU550N’s
REsTon.a~TIoN; 8, TABERNAC1~B OF TEXT . . Frontispiece
THE RIMET ENCLOSURE—EXTERIOR OP WEST WAn to face ix
THE Rix~T ENCLOSURE—INTERIOR OF WEST WALL ,, XII
RECONSTRUCTION OF SAMUEL’S ALTAR AT RAMAJI . . XVII
M4&p OF SINAI PENINSULA AND CANAAN . . . to/ace 8

THE SCALE OP G1JDEA . . . . . . 142, 

THE ERECTION OP THE TABERNACLE—FIRST STAGE . to face 159
SECOND STAGE. ,, 159
Thnm STAGE . ,, 159
FOURTH STAGE. ,, 159
Tins AND COURT OP AND TABERNACLE
,,

TABERNACLE OP WITNESS

TABERNACLE
OUTLINE PLAN OP THE OUTER COURT

THE ELEVEN CURTATHE SCREEN OP THE TABERNACLE
 
THE INNER VEIL . .
THE TEN CURTAINS . .
RECONSTRUCTION PLAN OF THE Bnis-NIMR0UD.
GEOMETRIC PRINCIPLE OP THE TABERNACLE TENT
 

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Ezekiel 38:1  I sta³o siê s³owo Pañskie do mnie mówi¹c:
2  Synu cz³owieczy! obróæ twarz swojê przeciw Gogowi w ziemi Magog, ksi¹¿êciu g³ównemu w Mesech i Tubal, a prorokuj przeciw niemu.
3  I rzecz: Tak mówi panuj¹cy Pan: Otom Ja przeciw tobie, o Gogu, ksiêciu g³ówny w Mesechu i w Tubalu!
4  Bo ciê zawrócê, i w³o¿ê wêdzid³o w czeluœci twoje, i wywiodê ciê, i wszystko wojsko twoje, konie i jezdnych wszystkich poubieranych w zupe³ny kirys, hufy wielkie z tarczami i z przy³bicami, wszystkich tych, którzy w³adaj¹ mieczem.
5  Persów, Murzynów i Putejczyków z nimi, tych wszystkich z tarczami i z przy³bicami;
6  Gomer i wszystkie hufy jego, dom Togormy mieszkaj¹cego w stronach pó³nocnych, i wszystkie poczty jego, narodów wiele z tob¹.
7  Gotuj siê, a wypraw siê, ty i wszystkie pó³ki twoje, które siê zebra³y do ciebie, a b¹dŸ stró¿em ich.
8  Po wielu dniach nawiedziony bêdziesz, a w ostatnie lata przyci¹gniesz na lud uwolniony od miecza, i zebrany z wielu narodów, na góry Izraelskie, które by³y pustyni¹ ustawiczn¹, gdy¿ oni z narodów bêd¹c wywiedzieni, wszyscy bezpiecznie mieszkaæ bêd¹.
9  W tem przyci¹gniesz i przyjdziesz jako burza, bêdziesz jako ob³ok okrywaj¹cy ziemiê, ty i wszystkie poczty twoje, i wiele narodów z tob¹.
10  Tak mówi panuj¹cy Pan: Dnia onego wst¹pi¹ dziwne rzeczy na serce twoje, a bêdziesz z³e zamys³y myœla³,
11  I rzeczesz: Wtargnê do ziemi, w której s¹ wsi; przypadnê na spokojnych i bezpiecznie mieszkaj¹cych, na wszystkich, którzy mieszkaj¹ bez muru, a zawór i bram nie maj¹;
12  Abym wzi¹³ ³upy, a rozchwyci³ korzyœci; abym obróci³ rêkê swojê na spustoszone miejsca ju¿ znowu osadzone, i na lud zgromadzony z narodów, którzy siê byd³em i kupiectwem bawi¹, a mieszkaj¹ w poœrodku ziemi.
13  Seba, i Dedan, i kupcy morscy, i wszystkie lwiêta jego rzekn¹ do ciebie: Izali ty na branie ³upów idziesz? Izali na rozchwycenie korzyœci zebra³eœ pó³ki twoje, abyœ wybra³ srebro i z³oto, i zabra³ dobytek i majêtnoœci, a ¿ebyœ zebra³ ³up wielki?
14  Przeto¿ prorokuj, synu cz³owieczy! a mów do Goga: Tak mówi panuj¹cy Pan: Izali siê w on dzieñ, gdy lud mój Izraelski bezpiecznie mieszkaæ bêdzie, nie dowiesz?
15  I przyjdziesz z miejsca swego z stron pó³nocnych, ty i narodów wiele z tob¹, wszyscy wsiadaj¹cy na konie, lud wielki i wojsko gwa³towne;
16  I przypadniesz na lud mój Izraelski jako ob³ok, abyœ okry³ tê ziemiê. W ostatnie dni przywiodê ciê do ziemi mojej, aby miê pozna³y narody, gdy bêdê poœwiêcony w tobie, przed oczyma ich, o Gogu!
 

17  Tak mówi panuj¹cy Pan: Aza¿eœ ty nie jest on, o którymem powiedzia³ za dni dawnych przez s³ug moich, proroków Izraelskich, którzy prorokowali za dni onych lat, ¿em ciê mia³ przywieœæ na nich?
18  Wszak¿e w on dzieñ, w dzieñ, którego przyci¹gnie Gog na ziemiê Izraelsk¹, mówi panuj¹cy Pan, wzruszy siê gniew mój w popêdliwoœci mojej;
19  A w gorliwoœci mojej, i w ogniu gniewu mego mówiæ bêdê, ¿e dnia onego bêdzie wielki rozruch w ziemi Izraelskiej;
20  I zadr¿¹ od oblicznoœci mojej ryby morskie, i ptastwo niebieskie, i zwierz polny, i wszelka gadzina p³azaj¹ca siê po ziemi, i wszyscy ludzie, którzy s¹ na obliczu ziemi; i porozwalaj¹ siê góry, i upadn¹ wysokie wie¿e, i ka¿dy mur obali siê na zie miê.
21  Bo przywo³am przeciwko niemu po wszystkich górach moich miecz, mówi panuj¹cy Pan; miecz ka¿dego obróci siê na brata jego.
22  I bêdê siê z nim s¹dzi³ morem i krwi¹, a deszcz gwa³towny i grad kamienny, ogieñ i siarkê spuszczê nañ, i na wojska jego, i na wiele narodów, które z nim bêd¹.
23  I poka¿ê siê wielmo¿nym, i poœwiêcê siê, i znajomym siê uczyniê przed oczyma wielu narodów, i dowiedz¹ siê, ¿em Ja Pan.

Ezekiel 39:1  A ty, synu cz³owieczy! prorokuj przeciwko Gogowi, a mów: Tak mówi panuj¹cy Pan: Otom Ja przeciwko tobie, Gogu, ksiêciu g³ówny w Mesechu i w Tubalu!
2  I zawrócê ciê, a szeœciorak¹ plag¹ œcisnê ciê, i wywiodê ciê z stron pó³nocych, a przywiodê ciê na góry Izraelskie;
3  A wytr¹cê ³uk twój z rêki twojej lewej, i strza³y twoje z prawej rêki twojej wybijê.
4  Na górach Izraelskich upadniesz, ty i wszystkie hufy twoje, i narody, które z tob¹ bêd¹; ptastwu i wszelkiej rzeczy skrzydlastej, i zwierzowi polnenu podam ciê na po¿arcie.
5  Na obliczu pola upadniesz; bom Ja to wyrzek³, mówi panuj¹cy Pan.
6  I puszczê ogieñ na Magoga, i na tych, co bezpiecznie na wyspach mieszkaj¹; a dowiedz¹ siê, ¿em Ja Pan.
7  A imiê œwiêtobliwoœci mojej oznajmiê w poœrodku ludu mego Izraelskiego, i nie dopuszczê wiêcej zmazaæ imienia œwiêtobliwoœci mojej; i dowiedz¹ siê narody, ¿em Ja Pan, œwiêty w Izraelu.
 

8  Oto przyjdzie i stanie siê to, mówi panuj¹cy Pan, tego¿ dnia, o któremem mówi³.
9  Tedy wynijd¹ obywatele miast Izraelskich, a zapaliwszy spal¹ orê¿e i tarcze, i drzewca, ³uki i strza³y, kije rêczne i w³ócznie, i bêd¹ z nich nieciæ ogieñ przez siedm lat;
10  A nie bêd¹ drew nosiæ z pola, ani ich r¹baæ w lasach, ale z orê¿a ogieñ nieciæ bêd¹ a z³upi¹ tych, którzy ich ³upili, i splundruj¹ tych, którzy ich plundrowali, mówi panuj¹cy Pan.
11  I stanie siê dnia onego, ¿e dam Gogowi miejsce na grób, tam w Izraelu, dolinê, którêdy chodz¹ na wschód s³oñca ku morzu, która zatka usta mimo id¹cych; i pogrzebi¹ tam Goga i wszystkie zgraje jego, a bêd¹ j¹ zwaæ dolin¹ mnóstwa Gogowego;
12  Bo ich grzeœæ bêdzie dom Izrelski przez siedm miesiêcy aby oczyœcili ziemiê.
13  A tak pogrzebie ich wszystek lud onej ziemi, i obróci siê im to w s³awê, w dzieñ, którego Ja bêdê uwielbiony, mówi panuj¹cy Pan.
14  I obior¹ mê¿ów ustwaicznych, którzyby siê przechodzili po onej ziemi, przechodzili, mówiê, a chowali tych, którzyby zostali na ziemi, aby j¹ wyczyœcili, a po wyjœciu siedmiu miesiêcy szukaæ poczn¹.
15  A ci przechodz¹c chodziæ bêd¹ po ziemi, a ujrzawszy koœci cz³owiecze postawi¹ przy nich znak, aby je pochowali ci, co chowaj¹ umar³ych, w dolini mnóstwa Gogowego.
16  Owszem, to mnóstwo jego bêdzie ku s³awie miastu, gdy oczyszcz¹ onê ziemiê.
17  A ty synu cz³owieczy! tak mówi panuj¹cy Pan: Rzecz ptastwu i wszelkiej rzeczy skrzydlastej, i ka¿dej bestyi polnej: Zbierzcie siê, a przyjdŸcie, zgromadŸcie siê zewsz¹d na ofiarê mojê, któr¹ Ja wam sprawujê, ofiarê wielk¹ na górach Izraelskiech, ¿ebyœcie jedli miêso, i pili krew.
18  Miêso mocarzy jeœæ bêdziecie, a krew ksi¹¿¹t ziemskich piæ bêdziecie, baranów, baranków, i koz³ów, i cielców, którzy wszyscy potyli w Basan.
19  Najecie siê t³ustoœci do sytoœci a napijecie siê krwi do upicia z tej ofiary mojej, któr¹ wam nagotujê.
 

21  A tak objawiê chwa³ê mojê miêdzy narodami, i ogl¹daj¹ wszystkie narody s¹d mój, którym uczyni³, i rêkê mojê, któr¹m na nie wyci¹gn¹³;
22  A dowie siê dom Izraelski, ¿em Ja Pan, Bóg ich od onego dnia i na potem.
23  Poznaj¹ te¿ i narody, i¿ dla nieprawoœci swojej zawiedzieni s¹ do wiêzienia dom Izraelski, dlatego, i¿ wyst¹pili przeciwko mnie. Dlategom te¿ by³ zakry³ oblicze swoje przed nimi, a poda³em ich w rêce nieprzyjació³ ich, aby wszyscy od miecza polegli.
24  Wed³ug nieczystoœci ich, i wed³ug przewrotnoœci ich obszed³em siê z nimi, i zakry³em oblicze moje przed nimi.
25  Przeto¿ tak mówi panuj¹cy Pan: Ju¿ci przywrócê wiêŸniów Jakóbowych; a zmi³ujê siê nad wszystkim domem Izraelskim; i gorliwym bêdê dla imienia œwiêtobliwoœci mojej,
26  Gdy odnios¹ pohañbienie swoje i wszystko przestêpstwo swoje, którem wyst¹pili przeciwko mnie, gdy bezpiecznie mieszkali w ziemi swojej, a nie by³, ktoby ich trwo¿y³;
27  A gdy ich przywrócê z narodów, i zgromadzê ich z ziem nieprzyjació³ ich, i bêdê poœwiêcony w nich przed oczyma wielu narodów.
28  Tedy siê dowiedz¹, ¿em Ja Pan, Bóg ich, gdy zawiód³szy ich do narodów zasiê ich zgromadzê do ziemi ich, a nie zostawiê tam wiêcej ¿adnego z nich.
29  I nie zakryjê wiêcej oblicza mego przed nimi, gdy¿ wylejê ducha mojego na dom Izraelski, mówi panuj¹cy Pan.

Cross-Cultural Linguistics